Gammer VII – 晉藝人才資源咨詢顧問有限公司

好了，己接近尾聲，我們基本上應掌握了英文文法在於語句的運用，香港有些人說英語，表面說得頗流利，實際上卻錯漏百出，很難聰得明白。

有些錯，看來是小錯，即如少說了一個 S。

Always 及 nowadays 必有 S 的。

SOMETIMES／SOMETIME［有時］ Sometimes 是 adverb（副詞），意思是 on some occasions，but not all，等於中文「有時、偶爾」, 例句：
		He can be rather difficult sometimes。他有時可以頗難相處。
Sometime，最後沒有 s，也是 adverb，意思是 at some uncertain or unstated time，等於中文「某一時侯」, 例句：
		I’ll see you sometime next week。我下星期找個時問見你。
		He was born sometime in 1960。表示說不出或不想說月日。
Some time，兩字分開，意思與 sometime 不同，例句：
		I’ll need some time to do this。我需要些時間來做這工作。
單字 some 有兩個頗有趣的 informal（俗語）用法，
一.	some ＝全沒有、全不，
	例一：	A：You’lI get a big rise next year。（你明年加薪） B：Some hope！（有些希望啦！）
	例二：	A：Lend me $100。借我一百元。 B : No。［不借！］ A : Some friend you are！好一個朋友！仲話係老友添！（失望的體態）
二.	some＝好、重要、不小的
	例一：	It was some party！好一個宴會！
	例二：	That was some storm！好一場風暴！

WEDNESDAY［星期三］
題目只得 Wednesday 一字，並非表示我們要談星期三；我們的話題是時間副詞 adverbs of time。先把一些字歸納為與、Wedneday 同類：Sunday，Monday，Tuesday，Thursday，Friday，Saturday，（Yesterday , Tomorrow）， Week，Month，Year，January，February，March， April，May，June，July，August，September，October，November，December。根據正統語法：這些都是名詞，需要適當的介詞配合才可成副詞，即如 on Monday，on Wednesday，on a week，in June。
Yesterday 和 Tomorrow 是例外的，它們不需要介詞配合都自成副詞，例如： I saw him yesterday。 I’ll see him tomorrow。
Next Wednesday，last Wednesday，this month 及所有以 next，last 或 this 為首的日期片語，也屬例外。習慣上（idiomatically），它們都是副詞片語（adverbial phrases），無需介詞。因此，以下五句的語法全部錯了︰
1.	I saw him in yesterday。
2.	I saw him in last week。
3.	I’ll see him in next week。
4.	I met him on last Monday。
5.	I’m going to work hard in this year。
	把所有介詞（in 或 on）刪去便可。照我觀察，香港那麼多學生經常說類似 in Yesterday，in next June，on last Wednesday 的錯語，原因有二：
	1.	未把語法學好
	2.	他們愛寫這樣的中文：「在昨天、在去年、在明天、在上星期三」，卻不知道「在」是虛字。「虛」就是可有可無，既然可無，就以不用為佳。
近來年，美國出現了一種語法變化。聽說因為受了傳播媒介的影響，一般美國人已經接受了一星期七日的名稱為副詞，即如： The president said Monday he would be going to Moscow Friday。這種變化，英國人不大願意接受，他們多數堅持 said on Monday 及 going to Moscow on Friday。

SADLY［可悲的］
Happily，sadly，thankfully 等是副詞（adverbs），正確的作用是修飾動詞，即如： She sang happily。 He resigned sadly。 After receiving the prize’ he smiled thankfully。 Happily＝with happiness in a happy way。 Sadly＝with sadness，in a sad way。 Thankfully＝full of thanks，in a thankful way。整一個句子：
1.	Happily，the talks will resume soon。
2.	Sadly， the talks ended。
3.	Thankfully，it did not rain yesterday。
	在這三句中，happily 並不修飾 resume，sadly 並不修飾 ended，thankfully 也並不修飾 rain。如果真的要表示「愉快地重開」、「悲哀地結束」和「感激地下雨」，句子應該寫為：
1.	The talks will resume happily soon。
2.	The talks ended sadly。
3.	It did not rain thankfully yesterday。
這麼一來，意思倒難明得很。什麼是「感激地下雨」呢？原來，happily＝we are happey 或 it is a happy thing，sadly＝we are sad 或 it was a sad thing， thankfully＝we are thankful或we were thankful。於是，（一）、（二）、（三）三句等於： We are happy（that）the talks will resume soon。教人高興的是會談快將重開。 We are sad（that）the talks ended。會談結束，是可惜的事。 We are thankful（that）it did not rain yesterday。幸好昨天沒下雨。還有些極保守的語法專家反對 happily 及 sadly 等副詞的新用法。
請看看下列句子，其中都有作用特殊的副詞： Presumably you have seen the notice。＝presume that you have seen the notice。 They were apparently unhappy with our offer。＝It was apparent that they were unhappy with our offer。 Mercifully the war ended。＝lt was a merciful thing that the war ended。這一講談的話題，從事翻譯者不可不知 Happily，the talks will resume soon 不能譯為「會議即將愉快地重開」，應該譯為「會談即將重開，令人告慰」。

HOPEFULLY［希望／盼望］

上一講提出的 happily，sadly，apparently 等都是副詞，它們「修飾整句」的「新」作用已經給現代語法接納了。

Hopefully 本來是同類的字，但偏偏給語法專家們堅決反對。

Hope 作動詞及名詞都是「希望」；hopeful 是形容詞，等於 full of hope； hopefully 是副詞，等於 in a hopeful way。

語法專家們認 hopefully 只應該這樣用：

To travel hopefully is a better thing than to arrive。在旅途中滿懷希望，（這種心情）勝於到達目的地的感覺。

The hungry child looked hopefully at his mother。那飢餓的孩子以充滿希望的目光看著他的母親。

專家們認為不能接受的是這樣的句子：

Hopefully it will not rain tomorrow。

希望明天不要下雨。

Hopefully the talks will resume soon。

希望會談快些重開。

在這兩句中，hopefully 都不修飾動詞，因為 rain hopefully（充滿希望地下雨）及 resume hopefully（充滿希望地重開）都說不通。Hopefully 不外是 it is hoped 的簡化詞罷了：

It is hoped（或 we hope）it will not rain tomorrow。

It is hoped the talks will resume soon。

綜合了數位學者的意見，我提議：在日常生活中，我們不妨接受 hopefully 的新作用，但寫文章時應該避免。提防 ambiguity，比方說：

We will begin the new term hopefully in September。

這一句可以理解為：「我們將於九月滿懷希望地開始新學期」，亦可理解為：「我們希望在九月開始新學期。」如果要表示的是第二個意思，最好刪去 hopefully，改為：We hope to begin the new term in September。

HERE，THERE［這裡／那裡］
I was an old boy of XXX colleage studied in there for seven years。第一錯是 was。 An old boy 是「舊生」，無論他何時離校或將活到多少歲，他都不能擺脫「XXX 舊生」這事實，因此，他應該說：I am an old boy of XXX。不過，如果他要表示：r 我曾是 XXX 的學生」，英語就應該是：I was a student of XXX，因為 student「學生」身分早在他離校當天終止。第二錯是 in there。 There 及 here 通常用作 adverb（副詞）。There＝in 或 at 或 to that place：here＝in 或 at 或 to this place。例如： go there；there is some rain（＝從來不說的 some rain is there）；they were there。 Come here；here is some money （＝從來不說的 some money is here）; they are here。 Studied 在句中是「就讀」，無需 object，因此是不及物動詞。（比較：studied English 的 studied 是「學習」，有 English 作 object，因此是及物動詞。）句中的 there 應該是修飾 studied 的副詞，說明「就讀」的地方。Studied there 等於 studied at that place 或 studied in that place，因此，說 studied in there 無異把 in 的意思重複了，而且，在 preposition（介詞）in 後，there 必須是名詞。 There 和 here 可否作名詞呢？可以。There 作名詞是 that place，例句： He got out of there。 He lived near there。 Of 和 near 都是介詞，there 必然是名詞。 In there 並非絕不可用，不過，它強調了「在那地方（房問、盒子、箱子、抽屜等）裹邊」。原句無此需要，所以應改為：I studied there for seven years。請看清楚以下的比較：
1.	I’ve been sitting here for two hours。我在這兒坐了兩小時。
2.	I’ve been sitting in here for two hours。我困在這兒，坐了兩小時。
In here 暗示了一個類似房間的地方。
1.	He’s there。他在那邊
2.	He’s in there。他在那地方裹邊。
3.	I’m here。我在這邊。
4.	I’m in here。我在這地方裹邊。
5.	In there 或 in here 聽來都可能是指房間。
6.	He got out of there。他從那裹走出來。
7.	He got out there。他走出去，到了那裹。
此部分仔細說明各介副詞與動詞組合時的基本意義，就算同一個字和介繫詞有所不同學習者如果能習得這些基本涵意，即使不曾看過某一片語動詞，也可從其介副詞猜測可能的意思。

About／Around［關於／周圍］
	到處
	Celia groped about in her purse for the car key。西莉亞在錢包裡到處摸著找車鑰匙。
	無目標的活動
	We spent the day fooling around in the downtown area。我們這一天就在市中心商業區閒逛。
	粗暴的對待
	The new director is always bossing his workers around。新來的主任老是對工人們吆來喝去的。

Across［穿過 …… 從一邊穿過另一邊］
	從一邊到另一邊
	Jane sat across from me。珍坐在我對面。
	表達，了解
	Did your message come across？你的意思被了解了嗎？

Ahead
	進步
	Work hard and you will get ahead in your job。好好做，你的工作會成功的。
	在前
	Looking ahead to the future，we can imagine a time when medical operations are performed through the Internet。展望未來，我們可以想像一個透過網路動手術的時代。

Along［沿著］
	前進
	The pupils are walking along in a line。學生排成一行向前走。
	進步，進行
	I hate the way my students muddle along。我很不喜歡我學生得過且過的樣子。
	一起
	I am going to the park. Do you want to come along？我要去公園。你要一起來嗎？
	同意
	You have decided to vote against building another nuclear power plant。I will go along with you on this matter。你已經決定投票反對蓋另一座核電廠。在這件事情上，我看法跟你一致。

Apart［除了］
	破裂
	The glass is very delicate。You must hold it carefully；otherwise，it may fall apart in your hands。那玻璃杯很脆弱。你必須小心拿，否則會在你手上破裂。
	分離
	They used to be good friends，but their friendship fell apart after they competed for the post of general manager。他們以前是好朋友，但在彼此競爭總經理職位之後，友誼就破裂了。
	區別
	The two cakes look different，but after tasting them，I can’t tell this one and that one apart。這兩蛋糕看似不同，但品嚐過後，我卻無法分辨。

Around［周圍］
	恢復意識，痊癒。
	The man came around when we splashed water on his face。我們在那人臉上灑了些水後，他就恢復了知覺。
	給在場的每個人。
	More people came to the party than had been expected，so there was not enough food to go around。來參加宴會的人比預期的還多，所以食物不夠分給每個人。
	轉身，旋轉
	Someone patted me on the back。I turned around，and，to my surprise，I found it was Tim，whom I hadn’t seen for five years。有人拍我肩膀，我一轉身，驚訝地發現那個人是湯姆，我有五年沒見過他了。
	拜訪
	I live near the Palace Museum。If you ever come to the museum， drop around for tea。
	改變看法
	Chris finally came around and decided to give me a hand。克莉絲終於改變主意，決定幫我一把。
	圍繞
	If we all rally around，we can help Tim win the election。要是我們聚集起來，可以幫提姆贏得選舉。

Aside［在一旁］
	往一邊
	Tina pushed the newspapers aside and laid her books on the desk。蒂娜把報紙推到一邊，然後把書放在書桌上。
	忽視
	The customers complain about the low quality of the bread，but the baker brushes aside their complaints，saying they are too fussy。顧客抱怨麵包品質差，但麵包師傅卻置之不理，還說顧客大挑剔。
	丟棄
	I put my new book aside for two months while I went on vacation。我在度假時把新書擱置了兩個月。
	保留
	Don’t spend all your money。Set aside enough for the rent。不要把錢花完。保留足夠的錢付房租。

Away
	繼續
	The internal conflict is nibbling away at the foundations of social and moral life inside society itself。內部的衝突不啃蝕本身內在的社會與道德生活的基石。
	貯存，藏起來。
	You should save some money away for urgent need。你應存些錢以備不時之需。
	消失
	The constant rains have worn away the inscription on the monument。持續不停的雨把紀念碑的碑文都磨損掉了。
	離開
	He slinked away through the back door。他從後門溜走了。
	趕走，帶走
	The alarm suddenly went off and frightened away the burglar。警鈴突然響起，嚇跑了夜賊。
	不介入
	Don’t shy away from any challenge。Instead，you should rise to it。不要迴避挑戰，要站起來迎接挑戰。

Back［過去／後方］
	歸還，取回
	The Congress Party suffered a humiliating defeat in the last election。 Now it is going all out to win back voters’ hearts。國會黨上次選舉挫敗。現在它全力要贏回選民的心。
	過去時間
	We tend to look back on the old days with fondness。我們總是溫馨的回想起過去的時光。
	回復，重複
	I won’t let my children talk back to me like that。我是不會讓孩子這樣跟我頂嘴。
	抑制
	With the economic downturn, people are attempting to cut back on living expenses。由於經濟衰退，人們正在設法削減生活開支。
	往後面位置（可引申為「不願捲入正發生的事」）
	Peter just sat back while other people were busy cleaning up the classroom。其他人都忙著打掃教室，彼得卻只是袖手旁觀。
	往後移動（可引申為「不繼續做」）
	The boy drew back in terror as the dog barked at him。狗朝男孩叫，他就害怕地往後退。
	回家
	The students welcomed back the teacher who had been ill。學生歡迎病癒的老師回來。

Behind［在後方］
	行動、時問落後
	Susan trailed so far behind us that at we decided to wait for her till she could catch up with us。蘇珊落後我們太遠，因此我們決定等她趕上來。
	進展落後
	You are lagging behind in your homework assignment。你的家庭作業進度落後。
	遺留下來沒帶走
	I left my purse behind on the bus，but fortunately，someone turned it over to the police。我皮包留在公車上沒帶走，所幸有人將它送至警局。

By
	在場（也可表示「備用」，此時可用 aside 取代）。
	I may need your help in a minute。Please stand by。我可能需要你幫忙。請在一旁等待。
	袖手旁觀（此時可用 back 取代）。
	How could you stand by while your brother was being beaten？你的兄弟正挨打，你怎麼能袖手旁觀呢？
	經過（此時可用 past 取代）
	The hours sped by unnoticed。時間不知不覺地流失。
	生存下來
	I can’t scrape by on this meager income。靠這微薄收入，我無法過活。
	短暫的非正式拜訪
	Drop by when you are passing。你路過時進來坐坐。

simmer／wind down 冷靜下來 settle …… down（使）安靜下來
	力量減弱
	Congress watered down the sunshine bill before passing it。國會在通過陽光法案之前稀釋（減弱）了它的效用。
	聲音減弱
	Can you turn down the radio？I am preparing for my test。你把收音機聲音調低點好嗎？我在準備考試呢。
	用水清洗
	I hosed my car down。我用水管言冲洗車子。
	快吞
	Wash food down with a drink。喝飲料將食物吞下去。
	記錄
	He will go down in history as a great musician。史冊中會記載他是一位偉大的音樂家。
	鎮壓，擊潰
	The defeat／criminal finally beat David down。那次挫敗／那名歹徒最後擊潰了大衛。
	開始做事
	Let’s knuckle down to the task。讓我們開始辦事。
	找到
	The police ran down the robber after a long chase。警方經過長期搜尋，追捕到了那名搶匪。
	強迫某人確切表明
	I must nail him down to his promise／contract。我必須敦促他遵守諾言／合約。

Forth
	向前，出發到另一地
	We need the courage to break out of old patterns and sail forth into uncharted waters。我們需要勇氣打破舊模式，航向未知的海域。
	表達
	I put forth the plan，but it was turned down。我提出了這個計畫，但是被駁回了。
	出現，產生
	Becoming a father has called forth the best／worst in Jack。傑克當了父親後，他身上最好／壞的一面都發揮出來了。

Forward ［向前］
	時問、位置向前
	a. To cut electricity consumption，we put our watches forward by one hour in summer。夏天時，我們把錶調前一小時，以便減少電力消耗。 b. She leaned forward，her elows resting on the desk。她向前傾，手肘放在書桌上。
	表達，提出
	The mayor brought forward a plan to raise bus fares。市長提出了調高公共汽車票價的計畫。
	進展
	Let’s go forward with the plan to recycle garbage in spite of the difficulties。雖然有困難，我們還是要堅持垃圾回收計畫。

In［進入］
	進入，到達某處
	A burglar broke in through that window and stole all the money。小偷從那扇窗闖進來，偷走了所有的錢。
	插入，滲透，吸收了解
	a. I was driving along the country road when a truck cut in（on me），forcing me to slow down。我正在鄉問道路上行駛，這時一輛卡車突然搶到我面前，迫使我放慢車速。 b. I often listen in to BBC for news。我經常收聽 BCC 的新聞。
	投降，崩潰
	a. I doubt our boss will cave in to the demand for a pay raise。我懷疑老闆是否會屈服於我們的要求而加薪。 b. The roof of the house caved in suddenly。屋頂突然坍塌了。
	混合，加入
	If you’re going swimming，count me in。如果你們要去游泳，把我也算進去
	收集，取得
	Her new album has brought in at least two million dollars。她新的專輯至少賺進了兩百萬元。
	填滿
	In the next part of the test，fill in each blank with an appropriate preposition。請在下個測驗的部分，填入適當的介系詞。
	在戶內
	You should stay in when it is this cold。Venturing forth may cause you to catch a cold。天氣這樣冷，你應該留在家裡。外出會感冒。
	限制，阻止
	The government should rein in public expenditure。政府應該節制公共開支。
	開始
	Bill Gates has ushered in an era of information technology。比爾蓋茲開創了一個資訊科技的時代。

Off。
	離開
	As we set off for school, it started to rain heavily。我們出門去上學的時候，天空下起了大雨。
	脫下（相反字為 on）
	Please take off your shoes before you enter the living room。進客廳之前，請把鞋子脫下來。
	關掉電源、瓦斯、水龍頭（相反字為 on）
	Turn the gas／light／radio off before you go to bed。上床之前把瓦斯／燈／收音機關掉。
	停止，取消
	The game had to be called off because of bad weather。因為天氣不好，比賽不得不取消。
	中斷
	Taiwan has broken off diplomatic relations with South Korea。台灣斷絕了與南韓的外交關係。
	引爆
	a. They were setting off bombs／fireworks。他們在引爆炸彈／燃放煙火。 b. His incendiary speech set／sparked off a massive race riot。他那煽動性的演講引發了一場大規模的種族暴動。
	消除
	His paintings have been auctioned off。他的畫已經被拍賣掉。
	厭惡
	Having dinner with a talkative woman really turns me off。和一個喋喋不休的女人一起進餐實在讓我倒胃口。
	開釋
	I was fined 1,800 dollars for speeding，but the woman got off with a warning。我因為超速行駛被罰了一千八百元，可是那女的卻只受了個警告就沒事了。
	成功
	They have decided to buy 5,000 copies of this new book。How did you pull off this big deal？他們已經決定購買這五千本新書，這筆大生意你是怎麼談下來的？
	睡覺
	Tim dozed off in the middle of the speech and began to snore。提姆聽演講聽到睡著了，還打起鼾來。
	休假
	Some senior teachers have been pensioned off。一些資深老師已經領取退休金退休了。
	從整體中去除一部分
	He siphoned off millions of dollars from the foundation into his own bank account。他從基金會盜用數百萬元進入自己的銀行帳戶。
	減少
	The pain in my back is wearing off。我背上的疼痛逐漸消失了。
	展示
	That woman is always showing off her wealth。那女人老是炫耀她的財富。
	欺騙
	He palmed the china tea cups off as priceless antiques。他把那些陶瓷茶杯冒充無價骨董賣出。
	責備
	My teacher told me off for breaking the window。我的老師責罵我打破了窗戶。
	釋放
	The bread gave off a bad smell。麵包發出一股臭味。
	阻止，保護
	The president has headed off a financial crisis。總統阻止了金融危機。
	忽視
	You cannot write him off。He is still a man to be reckoned with。你不可以小看他，他是你必須認真對付的人。
	開始
	We kicked 0ff the festivities with a parade。我們的慶典以遊行開始。

On
	穿衣物（相反字為 off）
	I had tried on several shirts before I settled on this white one。我試穿了好幾件襯衫，最後決定買這件白的。
	開電源、瓦斯、水龍頭（相反字為 off）
	The lights suddenly came on in the theater。劇院裡的燈突然亮了。
	安排
	We are putting on a concert／play to raise money for the earthquake victims。我們正準備舉行一場音樂會／演出，為震區災民募款。
	繼續，進步
	The meeting wore on all morning。會議拖延整個早上。
	工作
	I have signed on with this project，so I am under obligation to carry it out。我已經簽約加入這計畫，所以我有義務執行它。
	附著
	I was so scared that I held on to the reins as tightly as I could。我嚇得拼命抓緊韁繩。
	移動至一平面上
	We got on（the bus）one after another。我們一個一個地上（公共汽）車。
	鼓勵
	Urged on by his friends，Mark was dashing to the finishing line。在朋友的鼓舞下，馬克正衝向終點線。

Out［出去/離開］
	排除
	We must root out outdated ideas／sexism。我們必須去除陳舊的觀念／性別歧視。
	消滅
	The fire fighters put the fire out in half an hour。消防隊員在半小時裡就把火撲滅了。
	疲憊
	The climb up to the peak of the mountain wore every one of us out。爬到這座山的頂端，把我們每個人都累垮了。
	解決
	After six hours of haggling，they still could not hammer out an agreement。經過六個小時的討價還價，他們還是沒能商量出個協議來。
	離開
	We must check out（of the hotel）before 8 o’clock。我們必須在八點之前結帳離開（旅館）。
	爆發
	War／Disease／Fighting broke out。戰爭／疾病／戰鬥爆發了。
	表達
	The mayor declared that he would curb crime，but he never spelt out exactly how he would do it。市長聲稱他將打擊犯罪，但是從未明確說出他將如何行動。
	外出
	Two prisoners broke out last night，and the police are now searching for them。兩個囚犯逃獄出去，警方正在尋找他們。
	失去意識
	Several pupils passed out in the searing sun。炎炎烈日下，有幾個學生暈倒了。
	公諸於世
	Tina accidentally let out our plan to hold a party。蒂娜無意間把我們要舉行派對的計畫洩漏出去。
	突出
	His large head makes him stand out from others in this class。他的大頭使他在班上同學當中顯得很突出。
	分散
	The government dished out relief supplies to the victims of the earthquake。政府分發救濟品給地震災民。
	挑出，找出
	Ann picked out a good necktie to give to her father as a birthday present。安挑了一條很棒的領帶送給他父親當作生日禮物。
	較完整、清楚或整齊
	a. Fill out the application form right now。現在就把申請表項好。 b. Soon a committee will flesh out the guidelines on the employment of children。委員會將立即詳細說明雇用童工的基本原則。 c. We generally make it a rule to clean out the garage on Saturday。我們通常規定在星期六打掃車庫。
	往外方向
	The police are determined to flush the criminal out。警方決心把罪犯驅趕出去。

Over［超過］
	轉換
	The thief was caught and handed over to the police。小偷被抓起來，交給警察。
	重複
	If the mayor doesn’t like the design for the new stadium，we must do it over。小偷被抓起來，交給警察。
	熟思
	Before I cut the deal with you，I must talk it over with my boss。我和你做這筆生意之前，必須先跟老闆商量一下。
	結束不愉快的事
	My uncle lent me some money to tide me over until the end of this month。我叔叔借了我一些錢讓我撐到這個月底。
	姿勢由高往低，拌落
	I bent over，picked up a pebble，stretched my arm，and pitched it into the sea。我彎下身，撿起一顆石頭，伸開手臂，將它丟進海裡。
	覆蓋，上方
	The wall has been painted over with a bright red varnish。The graffiti on it has disappeared。牆壁已經塗上一層明亮紅漆。上面的塗鴉已消失了。
	越過，從一邊到另一邊
	That car ran over this cat and the driver sped off。那輛車撞著了這隻貓，司機就加速開走了。
	溝通（可用 across 代替）
	It is obvious that you haven’t got your idea over／across to the committee。很顯然你還是沒讓委員會明白你的想法。
	流出來
	The milk spilled over because you overfilled the glass。你倒得大滿，牛奶溢出杯子了。
	停留在同一處或狀態
	Because of the heavy rain，I stayed over at my friend’s home。因為下大雨，我就在朋友家過夜了。
	攻擊
	Chris’s boyfriend went crazy and did her over。克莉絲的男友發瘋了，把她痛打一頓。

Through ［穿過］
	穿過
	Scientists have broken through in their attempt to find the makeup of genes。科學家們在發掘基因構成上，有了新的突破。
	完成，成功
	a. I have gone through all the money／milk。我已經用完錢了／喝完牛奶了。 b. I got all my students through （the mid-term exam）。我讓所有學生通過（期中考試）。
	溝通
	I finally got my message through to my grandson。我終於讓孫子聽明白了我的意思。
	明亮可見
	Dark clouds are gathering overhead, and the sun is struggling to come through，but in vain。烏雲罩頂，大陽雖極力照射，但卻無法穿出。
	重頭到尾
	Before you sign a contract，you should read it through。簽約前，你應該從頭到尾仔細讀過一遍。

To
	有意識的（可用 around 或 through 代替）
	The boy fainted in the glaring sun，but he came to when we splashed drops of water on his face。那男孩在烈日下暈倒了，不過我們在他臉上灑了幾滴水後，他就恢復知覺。
	關起來
	It is very cold today。Please pull it to with your hand。今天很冷。舉手之勞，請把門關起來。

Together［一起／團結］
	一起
	The evidence has been pieced together from classified documents。機密文件已經拼湊成證據了。
	關起來
	The family members stuck together through thick and thin。那家人同甘共苦，團結在一起。

Under［下方］
	在下面
	After the explosion，it only took ten minutes for the small boat to go under。爆炸後僅十分鐘，小船就沉下去了。
	失敗，抑制
	a. At last he buckled under to his boss’s order。最後他屈服於老闆的命令。 b. The tyrant used cruel means to hold his people under。這位暴君使用殘酷的手段鎮壓人民。

Up［建設／起來／上方］
	建設
	a. We put up a tent by the river。我們在河邊搭起帳篷。 b. We are raising money to set up a school／our own business。我們在籌款辦學校／開辦自己的公司。
	起床（相反字為 on）
	I often wake up at six o’clock。我時常在六點醒來。
	迅速結束，迅速完成
	I’ll wind up my affairs before leaving。離開前我會結束一切事務。
	釘牢，關緊
	Fasten up your coat. It is quite cold。繫緊你的外套。天氣很冷。
	毀滅，破壞
	Instead of fixing my computer，Henry screwed it up even more。亨利沒有修好我的電腦，反而把它弄得更糟。
	發掘
	The radar picked up a signal／sound。雷達收到信號／聲音。
	發生
	I will bring up this issue for discussion at the next meeting。我將在下次會議上，把這個問題提出來討論。
	尺寸、價值的增加
	a. Can you have the photo blown up for me？你可否幫我把這張照片放大？ b. Reporters tend to blow up a minor disagreement out of all proportion。記者喜好極度誇大小的爭執。
	速度的增加
	With the economic upturn，we have to step up production to meet the increased demand。經濟復甦了，我們得提高生產以滿足增加的需求量。
	溫度的增加
	You had better warm up your dinner。It has gotten cold。你得把飯菜熱一下，都已經涼了。
	興奮的增加
	Cheer up。Things will take a turn for the better。振作點，情況會好轉起來。
	音量的增加
	Turn the radio up；I can’t hear it very well。把收音機開大聲一點，我聽不太清楚。
	活力的增加
	With the economic upturn，business／the weather／your health is picking up。由於經濟好轉，生意也增加了／天氣也好轉了／你的健康也有起色了。
	接近
	Taiwan has spent a lot of money trying to catch up with America in information technology。台灣花了大錢試圖跟上美國的資訊科技。
	乾淨，整齊
	a. Clean up your room－it’s a mess！把你的房問收拾乾淨，亂七八糟的！ b. I must straighten myself／my living room up before my guests come。我必須在客人到之前把自己／客廳收拾一下!
	聚集，混合
	We scraped up enough money to buy a computer。我們勉強湊足錢買了一部電腦。
	減慢，停止
	a. If the rain doesn’t let up soon，we won’t be able to have our picnic。如果雨不馬上停下來，我們就沒法野餐了。 b. We mustn’t let up even though we’re winning。即使我們即將勝利，但還是不可懈怠。
	密集學習
	I should bone up on my grammar before the test。考試前，我應該密集溫習文法。
	想像，創作
	Sherry will cook up any excuse not to do homework。雪莉為了不做功課，什麼理由都編得出來。
	嘔吐
	I felt sick and threw up all the food I had eaten。我感到噁心，把吃的東西都口土出來了。
	變成碎片
	Some conglomerates are being broken up to become more flexible and competitive。一些企業正在解體，以變得更靈活，更具有競爭力。
	向上方向
	I looked up and saw a flock of birds flying over the sky. 我抬頭看見一群鳥飛過天空。
大家有沒有嘗試用翻譯軟件將一篇英文翻譯成中文或中文翻譯成英父？你會發覺出來的譯文和你原文相距甚遠，甚至整個意思都幾乎完全不同。理由很簡單，一般翻譯軟件主要為你將一些名詞，字面和字句從詞彙中找出來，並沒有顧及文法在語句上的正確運用，更加未能知道你當時（體態）的表達，當然，時至今日科技發達，AI 人工智能應運而急促發展，不能排除不久的將來甚至己經面世一些翻譯軟件己溶合了 AI 人工智能將文法及體貌上的分析，那麼，就不用將譯文加工及修改去達到你的終極目的，這正解釋了「要英文好，先要文法好」同中文詞句的運用不同，較為直接，畢竟外語也有他們的文化和歷史，求同存異罷了。

晉藝人才資源咨詢顧問有限公司Wen Wenhui Career Pioneer Fund

晉藝人才資源咨詢顧問有限公司
Wen Wenhui Career Pioneer Fund