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語法上的 mood 可分三種:

1.

Imperative(祈使),表示命令和要求:

 

Sit down

Please answer the phone

2.

Subjunctive(假設),表示與事實不符或難以 實現的事:

 

I wish I had a house

He would be happy to see you if he were here

3.

Indicative(陳述),即除祈使及假設兩種語氣 外的所有語句:

 

He is a teacher

 

She is married

 

She was the boss

傳統語法規定,在 Conjunction(連接詞)as if(仿如)後,必須用 subjunctive mood,即如:

She acts as if she were the boss around here。看她的行為,還以為她是這裏的老闆哩。

He acts as if he owned the world。看他的行為,還以為他雄霸天下哩。

It looks as if the rain had stopped。表面看來,還以為雨停了。

You look as if you had been crying。看你的神情,還以為你剛在哭泣哩。

He behaved as if he were very happy。看他的態度,還以為他很快樂哩。

(我們之前談過假設語氣的動詞形式,在此不贅。)

問題是:為什麼 as if 後不能用 indicative mood

這幾句話有什麼不妥?

1.

It looks as if the rain has stopped。

2.

You look as if you have been crying

3.

He behaved as if he was very happy。

根據目前的語法,這幾句完全正確。

英語大師 Rudolf Flesch 更主張不要在 as if 後用 subjunctive。有什麼理由支持這語法上的一個演變呢?

綜合一般英語專家目前的意見,如果在連接詞 (Conjunctionas if 後所說的是與事實不符(contrary to fact)或完全或近乎沒有可能實現(impossible or almost impossible)的事,語氣應該用 subjunctive,即如:

She acts as if she were the boss around hereShe acts as if she was the boss around here。)

she were,因為確知她根本不是老闆。

如果主詞是 I 或是第三身單數,現在有很多人(尤其是英國人)愛用 was 代替傳統規定的 were,例如用 I wasI wereshe wasshe were

不過,這暫時仍然算是非正宗英語。

1.

It looks as if the rain had stopped

Had stopped 表示「雨並沒有真的停下來」。

2.

You look as if you had been crying。

Had been crying 表示「你剛才並沒有哭泣」。

3.

He behaved as if he were very happy

Were 表示「他並不快樂」。

如果 as if 後所說的事可能屬實(possible),語氣可用 indicative,即如:

1.

It looks as if the rain has stopped

看來雨停了。

2.

You look as if you have been crying

你看來剛在哭泣。

3.

He behaved as if he was very happy

看他的態度,他好像很快樂。

看清楚第一組和第二組例句的分別,當會得到一個重要的敔示:

學習語法,不能只顧死記規例及形式;必須學會適當地運用各種規例及形式來表達不同的意念,這就是 usage

練習。

試解釋 ABCD 在意思上的分別:

A:     He looks as if he is in love

B:     He looks as if he were in love

C:     You sound as if you know what to do

D:     You sound as if you knew what to do

Imperative mood 祈使語氣

收看英語電視,看到香港政府的一個宣傳短片,呼籲市民節省食水。影片畫面以一個壞了的水龍頭為重心,宣傳訊息是:漏水的水龍頭讓食水白流,等於浪費,所以應該立即修理。

英語主題是: GET IT FIXED[修好]

It 是水龍頭,fixedfix 的過去分詞。

Get something donehave something done

是英文一種頗特別的祈使語氣(imperative mood)句子,意思是叫人安排把一件事情做好,並不是叫人親自把事情做好,比較:

Get it fixed。 = Get somebody to fix it

Fix it。= Fix it yourself

水龍頭修理好了,我們可說:
I’ve got it fixed = I’ve had it fixed = l asked somebody to fix itand he has done it

I’ve fixed it。= l’ve done it myself

To do somethingto gethave something done,兩者之間在意思上的分別實在不能忽視,下列例子可供參考:

1.

Get these letters typed = Type these letters

2.

He had his book printed in Japan = He printed his book in Japan

     
3.

I’lI get this done = l’ll do

4.

I need to have my hair cut = l need to cut my hair

     
5.

She had her car repaired = She repaired her car

     
6.

He had his speech written for him = He wrote his own speech

7.

They had their house repainted = They repainted their house

     
8.

We will have the goods delivered to you as soon as possible
= We will deliver the goods to you as soon as possible

9.

He had his fingers burnt = He burnt his fingers

10.

She got herself promoted = She promoted herself

以上例句全部都沒有語法錯誤,必須按意思而定取捨。

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 假設語氣

人們向看領導人高呼萬歲,那「萬」字當然只表示「很長久」的意思,並不是「十乘一千」的一個實數。

在語言學來說,「萬歲」、「福如東海」、「壽比南山」等祝賀語,用的都是假設語氣。

西人常用的類似詞語有:

1.

God bless you

     
2.

God forbid

     
3.

God save the Queen

     
4.

Long live the Queen

     

Long live America 等。

這些詞語每一組都是一句。

God bless you 為例,Godsubjectblessverbyouobject

奇怪的是,既然 GodQueenAmerica 都明明是單數,為什麼動詞不是 blessesforbidssaveslives

原來這就是 subjunctive 的一種。這種假設語氣的動詞形式已經流於古老,除了見諸上述的既定詞語,已經極少運用。然而,極少不等於沒有。

英語常說的 we demanded that he should resign,美語多數說 we demanded that he resign

He resign 使我們用來很不放心,因為 resign 既沒有 S 也沒有 ed 在尾。

現在我們可以放心了。That he resign 用的原來就是罕用的假設語氣,問題是,為什麼今天還保留這古老的動詞形式呢?

讓我們以例句分析。

1.

We insisted that he resign

這一句的語法可謂正宗。

譯成中文是 : 我們堅持他辭職。

2.

We insisted that he should resign

這一句用的是英國人平時常用的語法。

譯成中文是:我們堅持他應該辭職。

3.

We insisted that he resigned

這一句的語法嚴格說是不正確的,但因為有不少人照用如儀,所以可當作 non-standard(不正宗)看待。

譯成中文是:我們堅持他辭職,結果是他辭了職。

三句比較。

第一句突出的是堅持什麼,

第二句突出的是「應該」,暗示了「說道理」:

第三句突出了堅持的結果。

不說道理及不提結果的,只有第一句。因此是罕用的假設語氣得以保留。

平常說話,大多數人都隨隨便便,但求達意便算,然而在某些場合說話,我們是要小心謹慎、一絲不苟的。請好好地研究這例子:

我們可說 We insisted that he resigned,

亦可說 we insisted that he should resign

現在把 insisted 改為 ordered

Ordered 是「命令」,論理,命令是絕對的,已經超越了「說道理」的層次,所以,說 We ordered that he should resign,實在不如 We ordered that he resign

以上列舉的例句形式,有補充的必要。

I suggested that he go

這是肯定句。否定形式是:

     
1.

I suggested that he not go

          
2.

I suggested that he should go

          

否定句是:I suggested that he should not go

Goresign 都是動詞。

如果說:我提議他小心,英語的「小心」是形容詞 careful,整句是:I suggested that he be careful

我們亦可說:I suggested that he should be careful

Goshould 都是主動語態(Active voice)。

如果說:法官下令把劫匪送交,英語「送」是 send,應該用被動語態(Passive voice),整句是:The judge ordered that the robber be sent to prison

勉強亦可說:The judge ordered that the robber should be sent to prison

討論自此,應向學生手加提點。

詞語是可以變通的。如果尚未完全掌握 That he gothat he be careful 這個頗特殊的動詞形式,千萬不要牽強為之。

以上的三個例句可以用比較簡單的形式表達,意思差別甚微:

1.

I said that he should go

     
2.

I said that he should be careful

     
3.

The judge sent the robber to prison

       

Suggestedinsistedordered 等都是同屬一類的祈使詞,後面可用與 that he go 同形的假設語氣子句。

Said 沒有祈使的意思,所以必須說 That he should go

IF I WERE A PRINCE(如果我是王子)

這篇文章談的是中學生必然學習的一種假設語氣,由四個例句說起。

1.

(中)(唉!)假如我有一千萬(元),我就退休了!

(英) If I had ten million dollarsI would retire

首先看清楚中文例句,留意兩點:

第一,我們說這句話,言下之意是:我根本沒有一千萬元。但凡表達這種意念,用的就是假設語氣, 英文稱為 subjunctive

第二,中文句雖然沒有時間副詞,但說的明顯是現在的事。

務須明白的是,假設語氣,中英俱有,絕不是英語專用。 學習英語的假設語氣,難在掌握它獨特的動詞形式。

Hadwould 都是過去式。但說的偏偏是現在的事。 這樣運用的過去式,可稱為「假過去」,英文叫 unreal past,用來表達與事實不符的事。

2.

(中)如果我知道,我就告訴你啦!

(英) If I knewI would tell you

中文句等於說:我(現在)不知道呀。英文句等於說 I don’t know

3.

(中)假如我是王子,我就會失去好多個人自由。

(英) If I were a prince,I would lose a great deal of personal freedom。

英語動詞如果是 verb to be,不論 subject 是什麼了一律都用 were,這是正宗(formal)語法。

近代英國人日常愛用正常的 if I wasif he wasif you were,這算是自然俗語(naturalinformal speech)。

稍具文化修養的美國人都不以為然。

4.

(中)如果不用工作,你說多好呢?

(英)Wouldn’t it be wonderful if we didn’t have to work

這無異慨嘆一聲:辛苦幹活,人生難免!

we all have to work

I WISH YOU WOULD[我希望你能]

這一講分兩節。首先談的是一個商業信常用的句子結構。

We would be grateful if you would(或 couldgive us a sample

We will be grateful if you will give us a sample

兩句都對。第一句用假設語氣,所以較第二句更客氣。

留意:would be gratcfulwould givewill he gratefulwill give,不可混亂。

現在我們看清楚 wishhope 兩個動詞的區別。句子結構是 hopewish + that 開始的 noun clause(名詞子句)。

Hope

I hopethatyou understand

          

I hopethatit will rain tomorrow

          

Hope 是希望,「你明白或不明白」及「明天會不會下雨」都是未能肯定的事。

Wish

I wishthatI had ten million dollars

     

I wishthatI didn’t have to leave

          

Wish 表達的是心願。兩個例句說的事實分別就是:我沒有一千萬元;我必須走。

因為事與願違,所(that)子句中的動詞用了假過去式(unreal past)。這也是假設語。

比較:

Hope

(英) I hope you will stop smoking next year

(中) 我希望你明年戒煙。

          

(英) I hope you will listen to me

(中) 我希望你聽我說。

          
Wish

(英) I wish you would stop smoking

(中)你別吸煙(含意:你頑固不堪,怎也不戒煙!)

        

(英) I wish you would listen to me

(中)你聽我說吧!(含意:你怎也不聽我的!)

          

I WOULD HAVE DONE[我會做的]

用假設語氣說過往的事,在日常中常毫不稀奇,讓我舉例證明。

1.

你早些時有些困難,尚幸解決了。我現在才知道,向你表示好意,可說:

You should have told meI would have helped you

If you had told meI would have helped you

     
2.

我做錯了事,現在承認疏忽,我說:

I should have been more careful

I should not have been so careless

3.

上兩個月,你本來打算跟人簽一張合約,卻沒有簽到,結果逃過災難,你可慶幸地說:

Good thing I didn’t sign that contract。)

I would have lost a fortune if I had signed it

I could have …..[我本可以有]

上世紀六十年代有一齣名片 My Fair Lady 「窈窕淑女」, 講述一名市井賣花女遇上一名語言專家,友人向他挑戰能否將言語粗鄙的賣花女改變成上流社會,談吐優雅的淑女,除英語發音外當然要包括說話語句及文法的運用,經過一番努力後頗有成績,於是專家決定帶她去一個上流社會的舞會,看有沒有人分得出混在上流社會的她的出身,賣花女在舞會前一晚興奮地唱出名曲 I could have danced all night,(我可以整晚跳舞跳不停)。

注意好像用了過去詞但實則未發生,但也不可用將來(future tense),雖然是明晚才發生,而下一句 and still have begged for more,(可否祈求能讓我更盡興),若己整晚跳舞跳不停,祗能是祈求,所以同 would have 有些分別。

I would have lost a fortune if I had signed it 是實在會發生,即是說如我簽了這合約就虧大了,即事實己擺在眼前,但 could have 是一個未必可能發生的情況也會是如果,假設 ……。就如下屬向上司抱怨:
I could have done betterif you let me have more empowerment。我可以做得更好, 如你可下放多些權力給我。

1.

與好友惺惺相惜,深感相逢恨晚,你可說:

I wish I had met you earlier

I wish we had met earlier

          
2.

想當年,做了一件錯事或沒有做一件應該做的事,後侮不已,可說:

I wish I had not done it

I wish I had done it

             
3.

香港時常有物業價格狂升的情況,經常有人後悔錯過置業機會︰

I wish I had bought that flat。

If I had bought that flatI would have made two million dollars

       
4.

當然,炒風之下,必有不幸者:

I wish I had not bought that flat

If I had not bought that flatI would not have lost two million dollars

       

It’s time〔是時候了〕

有個頗懶惰的學生會考成績欠佳,後悔不已。他自言自語:If I had studied hard, I would have got better gradesI should have listened to my father

他若能說這樣的英語,英語成績已肯定不俗。

希望他更進一步學會用 I’dI hadI’dI wouldshould’veshould have

爸爸得悉兒子知錯,說:「你都應該懂事了!」英語可説:It’s time you came to your senses

這是習慣語句(Idiomatic speech),came 一定是過去式,是假設語氣。

It’s time,可變成 it’s about time,也可以用 it’s high time

少於閱讀及接解日常英語的學生可能不知道是常用語句,所以不妨再舉三例:

1.

你與某人有約相會,可是某人遲到,令你大不耐煩。

對某人終於出現時,你禁不住說聲:about time

這等於全句 It’s about time you appeared

2.

今天整日你走來走去,好幾個小時沒有坐下來好好做些事。

時近黃昏,你終於醒覺要認真工作,說:It‘s time I said down and did some work

3.

我在你家裏呆了好一段時間,要回家了,

我說:It’s about time I said goodbyeIt‘s time I went home

 

          

留意,Came to your sensesappearedsatdidsaidwent 全部是過去式。

it’s time you come,絕對錯了。

有時倒不如採用這樣的語句:

1.

It’s time for you to appear

          
2.

It’s time for me to sit down and do some work

             
3.

It’s time for me to say goodbye

       
4.

It’s time for me to go home

       

WOULD LIKE〔想 ……〕

這一篇文章是說明 likeshould likewould like 的分別。

like 作動詞是「喜歡」。

like + infinitive 的結構,可說 I like to rest,但較多用的結構是 like + gerund 即如:

例句中的 likesimple present tense,因此是指一種習慣(habit)或嗜好(hobby)而言,並沒有說「休息」是「我」目前想做的事。

如果要說明「我現在想休息」或「我現在需要休息」,英語應該說:I want to rest

Should likewould like 是脫胎自假設語氣。

subjunctive)句子的動詞片語。舉兩個例:

I should like to go。= I should like to go if I could。(如果我可以去,我會喜歡一去。)

Would you like to sit down?= Would you like to sit down if I were to ask you?(假如我請你坐下,你會喜歡坐下嗎?)

刪去 to goif I could,剩下的就是 I should like(我會喜歡);

刪去 to sit downif I were to ask you,剩下的是 would you like(你會喜歡嗎)。

這些動詞片語的作用在於避免直接提出想法或要求,因此成為婉轉有禮的習慣語。

根據傳統語法,第一身的主詞用 should,第二身及第三身的主詞則要用 would,即如 you would likehe would like

然而,在此的 should,一如 shall,目前已差不多給 would 代替了,所以說 I would like 絕不能算錯,例句:

1.

I should like to rest

2.

I would like to rest

        
3.

I’d like to rest

       
4.

I’d like to ask a question

       
5.

He’d like a cup of tea

       

Should likewould like 後只可用 infinitve(如:to rest)及 nouna cup of tea),不能同 gerund

HAVE HIM CALL ME〔你有找我嗎?〕

Infinitives 在語法上是不定式的動詞。所謂不定,意思是不受人稱,數,時態限制。

1.

I wanted to go

 

     
2.

He wanted to go

 

     
3.

We want to go

 

     
4.

They asked me to go

 

     

這四句的主詞不同(Ihewethey),動詞的時態不同(wantedasked 是過去,want 是現在),但 to go 不變。

Infinitives 的特色就是開頭的 to,即如:to goto cometo seetoo speak,不過,在大多數特別助動詞(special auxiliary verbs)後,to 是不能出現的,例如:

I must go。     We should go

He can swim。     He would read

They will come。     They might come

She may know。     She could swim

以上的 goswimcomeknowread 是沒有 toinfinitives

除了特別助動詞,有好幾個普通的動詞也規定要和沒有 toinfinitive 配合。

Let

I let him come in

我讓他進來。

     

I 是主詞 ; let 是動詞,過去式 ; him 是受詞 ; come 是不定詞,沒有 to ; in 是副詞。絕對不能說:I let him to come in

以下的句子動詞不同,但用的是同一個模式的結構:

Let

I made him come in

我讓他進來。

     

Hear

I heard him come in

我聽到他進來。

     

See

I sam him come in

我看見他進來。

          

Watch

I watched him come in

我望着他進來。

          

Notice

I noticed him come in

我察覺他進來。

     

Feel

I felt the ground move

我感覺到地動。

     

根據 Oxfordhave 可以理解為:order or arrange that somebody does something,「使或安排專人做某事」。

Have

Please have him call me tomorrow

請叫他明天找我。

          

這一句等於:please ask him to call me tomorrow

分別在於:have him callask him to call。香港不少人好像未知 have 在這裏的用法。

WILL HAVE DONE[將會完成]

根據傳統語法分析,will have done 這動詞形式是 future perfect tense(將來完成時態)。不認為有 future tense 的專家,稱這形式為 perfect form,如果是 present tense,它是 has donehave done,但鑑於說的是尚未發生的事,前面加用輔助動詞 will,然後用 have done

社姑勿論 will have done 這形式怎樣稱呼,我們都要知道它的用處,更要知道它和 will do 的分別。

Will + have + done 主動語態,說的是在未來某時間達到完成狀態的事。

Will + have + been + done 是被動語態。

Will + do,主動語態,說的是將發生的事。

Will + be + done 是被動語態。

例句:

1.

有某澳洲人說,到 2000 年,他便會在香港住滿十年了。

英語是:By 2000I will have lived here for 10 years

此句絕不能用 will live

 
2.

香港不斷有人移民。到年底,已移民的人將達五十萬總數。

英語是:By the end of the yearhalf a million people will have emigrated

如果不小心說了:At the end of the yearhalf a million people will emigrate

意思便變成:「年底,將有五十萬人移民」。

        
3.

有人準備十一月退休。

英語是:He will retire in November

如果你十二月去找他,必然撲空,因為他到時已經退了休。

He will have retired in December

       

這一講提出 will have done,原因是我發覺香港很多人好像不知有這動詞形式存在,即使明知有這動詞形式的人,都把它當作畸型,不敢運用。

LIKE I SAID[就像我說的]

有深厚文化馮基礎的現代語言,必有雅俗兩個標 準。 Like,如果意思是「如」是介詞,跟著的必然是名 詞片語、名詞子句、或受格的代名詞:

1.

He drinks like a fish。(諺語,表示能喝個不停。)

 

2.

They look like their father

 

3.

You think like me

 

 
4.

The film was like what I had expected

 

     

這裹是兩句:He acts / he knows everything

把兩句合一,我們需要一個連接詞。根據文意及正宗語法,最好用 as ifHe acts as if he knew everything

As if 後用的是假設語氣。

摩登英語容許這樣說:He acts as if he knows everything

As if 後不用假設語氣。

如果從俗,我們可說:He acts like he knows everything

Like 在此是連接詞,屬於 informal English(非正宗英語)。

一般人平時說話多數從俗,因此我們經常聽到:

Like I said(正:as I said

Like I say(正:as I say

Like you say(正:as you say

It looks like it’s going to rain。(正:it looks as if it’s going to rain。)

I did like I was told。(正:I did as I was told。)

我有兩點意見:

我們要認識雅俗兩個標準。 我們不能含含糊糊地記著「like。是錯的」;我們應該在語怯上明白 likeas 的分別。

舉列說,he drinks like a fish 是完全正確的,如果改 likeas,就必須說 he drinks as a fish does

同樣:

They look like their father = they look as their father does

You think like me = you think as I do

like 各句好得多。

AS / LIKE[作為 / 像]

重看這兩句:

一.   He thinks like me

Like 是介詞,me 是受格代名詞。

二.   He thinks as I do

As 是連接詞,as I do 是修飾thinks 的副詞子句。

Likeas 都是「如」 As 也可以用作介詞,但意思不是「如」。

很多翻譯者把它譯為「作為」,牽強得很。

 

He plays football as a professional

這一句中的 as 就是介詞,如要整句翻譯,可說:「他以打足球為職業」,或「他是職業足球員」

I talked to him as a teacher。

我以教師身份跟他說話。

        

They got along well as old friends

他們是老朋友,相處得好。

以上例句,可否改用 like 呢?

可以,但意思並不一 樣。

He plays football like a professional

他打足球打得像個職業球員。

     

I talked to him like a teacher

他像教師般跟他說話。

 

They got along well like old friends

他們相處得好,活像好朋友。

因為 aslike 並不同義,選擇時非小心不可。

下列例 句可供參考:

He is like a father to me

他對我仿如生父。(他不是我爸爸。)

 

He speaks like an American

他說話像美國人。(他不是美國人。)

         

As an Americanhe’s unusually conservative

以美國人來說,他異常保守。(他是美國人。)